NLP Academy Turkey, NLP eğitim seminerleri, NLP sertifika programları, NLP eğitim programları, NLP Teknikleri, nlp Terapi, Hipnoz, NLP-Seminer, NLP-Bilimsel Araştırmalar, Taşkın Köksalan, NLP ankara istanbul izmir

Allen, Keith L.: An investigation of the effectiveness of Neurolinguistic Programming procedures in treating snake phobics. Dissertation Abstracts International 43(3), 861- B University of Missouri at Kansas City, 76 pp. Pub. = AAC8216956, 1982.Abstract: New procedures of psychotherapy are presented periodically in an effort to find more effective and efficient therapy techniques. One recent procedure that is being presented in a variety of workshops around the country is Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP), which has been praised as a great advancement for current therapy. NLP has been claimed to be able to "cure" a person of a phobia in a single brief therapy session. This study explored the effectiveness of NLP techniques in changing the behavior of snake phobics under controlled conditions. Thirty-six undergraduate students, identified as snake phobics by their responses on the Fear Survey Schedule II and Behavior Avoidance Test, took part in this experiment. They were randomly assigned to three groups: (a) waiting list control group; (b) NLP treatment group; and, (c) a single session of massed systematic desensitization (MSD) treatment group. All 36 subjects took the Behavior Avoidance Test and Fear Thermometer as pretest and posttest. Effectiveness of treatment was measured by number of subjects were able to pick up a snake on the posttest, and by examining differences in scores from pretest to posttest on the Behavior Avoidance Test and Fear Thermometer. One research question examined whether there would be differences among subjects in the three groups in their ability to approach a snake following the conditions of their group. Another research question explored whether there would be a difference in the level of fear expressed during completion of snake approach tasks by subjects in the three groups after treatment. Results of data analyses failed to support that a statistically significant difference existed between subjects who received no treatment and those who received NLP or MSD treatment. The conclusion was made that NLP and MSD had no effect on subjects' fear of snakes. While NLP treatment subjects neither completed more snake approach tasks nor reported less fear while performing those tasks, they did report more frequently that they thought they were over their fear of snakes. It was recommended that further research with larger populations and different phobias be conducted to determine if these results are reliable with different subjects, different therapists, and different phobias.

2. Apostel, Birgit: The eye movement hypothesis of NLP: mere suggestion or reality?

Apostel, Birgit: The eye movement hypothesis of NLP: mere suggestion or reality? Free University of Berlin, educational sciences (Department 12), Institut of Psychology, Master thesis., 1993.Abstract: Im Rahmen des Neurolinguistischen Programmierens (NLP) ist von Bandler und Grinder (1979, 1981) behauptet worden, man könne bestimmte innere Prozesse an bestimmten Augenpositionen erkennen. Dies konnte trotz zahlreicher Bemühungen empirisch nicht nachgewiesen werden. Da das NLP einem programmatischen Ansatz zuzuordnen ist, soll in der vorliegenden Arbeit versucht weren, das sogenannte Augenbewegungsmodell auch auf seine Funktion hin zu untersuchen. In der ersten Untersuchung sollten jeweils 12 Vpn anhand kurzer, schriftlicher Anleitungen entweder das Augenbewegungsmodell oder ein Gedächtnismodell des NLP lernen und anwenden. Die erhobenen Veränderungen im Denk- and Kommunikationsverhalten waren zwar weitgehend unabhängig von den Fragebogenversionen, kovariierten jedoch stark mit dem Grad der Beschäftigung der Vpn mit dem Lernstoff. In der zweiten Untersuchung sollten 25 Vpn beurteilen, für wie zutreffend sie Items, die den von NLP postulierten Kategorien innerer Prozesse entsprachen, für sechs verschiedene Fotos mit unterschiedlichen Augenpositionen hielten. Die Ergebnisse entsprechen zum größten Teil den NLP- Hypothesen.

3. Appel, Philip R.: Matching of representational systems and interpersonal attraction.

Appel, Philip R.: Matching of representational systems and interpersonal attraction. Dissertation Abstracts International 43(9), 3021-B United States International University, 192 pp. Pub. = AAC8301835, 1983.Abstract: This study was an empirical investigation of one aspect of the Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) model developed since 1975 by Bandler and Grinder. The relationship between matching Primary Representational Systems (PRSs) and interpersonal attraction was examined. This research was a necessary first step toward clinical application since, if language usage were found to enhance interpersonal attraction, training in PRS matching might provide a useful tool for psychotherapists. The 143 adult respondents represented a general cross- section of the United States population. They rated the attractiveness of three male and three female target presenters giving recorded monologue segments in language indicative of the three most common PRSs. A counter-balanced design employing a Latin square variation established the sequence of the segments. Attraction was measured via the second scale, Counselor Rating Form (Barak and LaCrosse, 1975). A null hypothesis was investigated, first through measuring the relationship between attraction and the respondent's primary, secondary, and least-used representational systems; then by measuring visual, auditory and kinesthetic PRS-oriented respondents' attraction toward target individuals presenting in the three PRSs. The data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance to discover the perceived attractiveness according to (1) PRS matching, (2) sex and (3) interaction of PRS matching and sex. The findings showed that PRS matching and sex made a difference in the respondents' perceptions of attractiveness (of the target individuals) only as follows: Targets of the opposite sex were experienced as significantly more attractive (p<.05) and the interaction of secondary representational system and opposite sex showed a significant relationship (p<.05) with the respondents' perceptions of attractiveness.

4. Asbell, Henry C.: Effects of reflection, probe, and predicate matching on perceived counselor characteristics (psychotherapy, interpersonal attraction, Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)).

Asbell, Henry C.: Effects of reflection, probe, and predicate matching on perceived counselor characteristics (psychotherapy, interpersonal attraction, Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)). Dissertation Abstracts International 44(11), 3515-B University of Missouri at Kansas City, 115 pp. Pub. = AAC8404790, 1983.Abstract: The present study examined effects of reflection, probes, predicate matching, and casual conversation on perception of counselor warmth, threateningness, helpfulness, and quality of counseling relationship. Each of 128 subjects heard one of eight recordings of seven- minute counseling session segments. Subjects then completed a counselor evaluation inventory consisting of 35 statements, each to be rated on a seven-point scale. Hypotheses tested were as follows: (a) Counseling techniques would affect counselor-warmth ratings; (b) counseling technique would affect counselor-threat ratings; (c) counseling technique would affect counselor-helpfulness ratings; (d) counseling technique would affect ratings on two versions of the Counselor Relationship Inventory; (e) four items in the Counselor Relationship Inventory would be answered differentially depending on counseling technique; and, (f) counseling technique would have a differential effect on the total score on the original Counselor Relationship Inventory II, indicating instrument bias. Effects of counseling technique on the dependent variable scales were tested using seven one-way analyses of variance with Scheffe multiple ranges tests. Counseling technique was found to differentially affect perception of warmth, threat, helpfulness, and both relationship scales. Predicate- matching received higher warmth ratings than reflection or non- counseling, and was rated less threatening than reflections and probes. Predicate-matching was also rated most helpful of the four techniques. Non-counseling conversation was rated least helpful. Predicate-matching also received higher ratings on the relationship scales than reflections or probes. Comparison of scores on a four- item subscale of the Counselor Relationship Inventory with scores on four items designed to eliminate pro-reflection bias indicated that the original items were answered more favorably for reflective counselors than for predicate- matchers. However, total score on the Counselor Relationship Inventory was not significantly affected. It was concluded that item-bias was not of sufficient magnitude to effect instrument-bias. Correlation coefficients indicated that the short scales for warmth, threat, and helpfulness were internally consistent. However, two items in the original Counselor Relationship Inventory were found to be non- significantly correlated with total inventory score.

5. Atwater, John M.: Differential effects of interventions from the Neurolinguistic Programming meta-model and general systems in early psychotherapy.

Atwater, John M.: Differential effects of interventions from the Neurolinguistic Programming meta- model and general systems in early psychotherapy. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(9), 2887-B 2888-B Texas A & M University, 88 pp. Pub. = DA8329895, 1983.Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to assess the differential effects of initial counseling sessions that used basic components of the NLP meta-model as compared to initial sessions which used interventions central to the general systems approach. Subjects consisted of 44 undergraduate students who were randomly selected from a pool of volunteers who had previously expressed an interest in participating in counseling research. The subjects were randomly assigned to a session in which interventions from the meta-model were employed or to a session in which techniques from the general systems approach were used. A posttest-only control group design was employed and the resultant data subjected to a one-way analysis of variance. No differences were found between the meta- model and the general systems group. Each experimental cell was evaluated from three vantage points: from the perspective of the counselee; the counselor; and external raters. The dependent measures were the Counseling Evaluation Inventory (CEI), the Counselor Rating Form (CRF), the Depth of Self- Exploration Scale (DS-ES), and a shortened form of the CEI. Both approaches received favorable scores from the three vectors of evaluation. However, the results failed to provide evidence that there are measurable differences between counseling sessions which use interventions from the NLP meta-model and counseling sessions which employ verbal interactions from the general systems approach. These findings suggest that the interventions from the NLP meta-model are neither better nor worse than those techniques currently presented in psychological training programs. Thus, further research is encouraged to understand the appropriate use of the NLP meta-model in counseling and psychotherapy.

6. Bacon, Stephen C.: Neurolinguistic Programming and psychosomatic illness: a study of the effects of reframing on headache pain.

Bacon, Stephen C.: Neurolinguistic Programming and psychosomatic illness: a study of the effects of reframing on headache pain. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(7), 2233-B University of Montana, 110 pp. Pub. = DA8326959, 1983.Abstract: This study compared the effects of reframing, a neurolinguistic programming technique, and relaxation therapy on headache pain. Through advertising, 32 subjects were recruited who suffered from a variety of nontraumatic headaches. They were randomly assigned to four experimental cells formed by the interaction of the two treatments and two therapists. Following four weeks of baseline headache monitoring, the subjects received three weeks of treatment and then continued to record headache data for a four week follow-up period. The results showed significant pre-post gains for both therapies but there were no differences between the treatments. However, there were significant differences in therapist's effectiveness. The literature of psychotherapeutic approaches to headache control is selectively reviewed and reframing is analyzed and compared to similar extant treatments. The results are discussed and a limited recommendation is offered for further research.

7. Baddeley, Mark; Predebon, John: "Do the eyes have it?": A test of neurolinguistic programming's eye movement hypothesis.

Baddeley, Mark; Predebon, John: "Do the eyes have it?": A test of neurolinguistic programming's eye movement hypothesis. Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis; Mar Vol 12(1) 1-23, 1991.Abstract: Conducted 2 studies with 62 female undergraduates to investigate neurolinguistic programming's eye- movement hypothesis. These studies incorporated distinctions between remembered and constructed sensory specific experiences. Results failed to support the neurolinguistic programming hypothesis although post-hoc tests located some distinctive eye- movement trends. There was a tendency for the auditory remembered questions to be associated with a greater number of predicted eye movements than expected by chance. Visually remembered and auditory constructed questions tended to be positively associated with predicted eye- movements both within and across eye- movement instances. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)

8. Bärsch, Martin: Empirical study of concepts of NLP (Part 1).

Bärsch, Martin: Empirical study of concepts of NLP (Part 1). University of Tübingen, unpublished Master thesis., 1983.Abstract: Untersucht wurde die Fragestellung, inwieweit das Angleichen der verwendeten Klienten- Prädikate durch den Therapeuten, ein Gütekriterium für die Gesprächsqualität sein kann. (Die Untersuchung war eine Teiluntersuchung eines größeren Projektes.) 26 Teilnehmer an einem Trainigskurs für psychologische Beratung nahmen an der Untersuchung teil. Es gab zwei Beratungsgespräche. Im ersten Beratungsgespräch kannte der Therapeut die Methode des matchings noch nicht, im zweiten war er bereits eingeführt worden. Die verwendeten Prädikate der Klienten innerhalb der ersten 4 Gesprächsminuten und die verwendeten Prädikate des Therapeuten in der 8-12 Minute wurden von drei Ratern kategorisiert (V,A,K). Die Sitzungen wurden Videotechnisch aufgenommen. Unspezifische Prädikate wurden nicht berücksichtigt. Vor der Datenauswertung wurde die Interraterreliabilitäten ermittelt. Sie lagen bei r=.02 und r=.06. Diese waren dem Autor zu gering und die Untersuchung wurde aus der Gesamtuntersuchung ausgesondert. Festgestellt wurde dennoch, daß bei allen Ratings die kinästhetische Kategorie überwiegte. Kritik: Aufgrund des nicht ganz einsichtlichen Abbruchkriteriums wurden die Daten nicht erschöpfend ausgewertet und tragen daher für die NLP Forschung keinen Gewinn bei.

9. Beale, Russell P., Jr.: The testing of a model for the representation of consciousness.

Beale, Russell P., Jr.: The testing of a model for the representation of consciousness. Dissertation Abstracts International 41(9), 3565-B 2566-B The Fielding Institute, 126 pp. Order = 8106799, 1980.Abstract: This dissertation tests the Bandler and Grinder model for the representation of consciousness. The problem examined is a psychological and phenomenological one which confronts the issue of whether there is a meaningful association of objective and subjective descriptions of experience. The Bandler and Grinder postulate claims that by observing eye movements and verbal predicates, psychotherapists and communicators can identify how a person is organizing his ongoing conscious experience. The experiment offers a video tape procedure exposing 40 college students to a test of 24 stimulus items. The items are based on the assumptions of Bandler and Grinder that people organize their experience in visual, kinesthetic and auditory categories and that they have a "most highly valued system" for organizing experience. The stimulus items were constructed so that six objects were held constant as the stimulus experience was varied. In addition, after an interviewer presented the items to the subjects, a standard probe question was asked. This yielded a total of N = 960 observations per stimulus. The experiment was videotaped in order to record the eye movements and predicate responses of the subjects. The design tested whether a significant number of observations corresponded to the predicate stimulus for the combination of eye movements and verbal predicates. Hypotheses were made for each variable, visual, kinesthetic, and auditory, as well as for the prediction of a "most highly valued system". Responses in categories predicted by the model to the stimulus modes served to substantiate or not substantiate the model. Hypotheses for the combined predictions of eye movements and verbal predicates were not substantiated. The findings show that the predominant eye movements were in an upward direction regardless of a shift in the stimulus. However, the predicate portion of the hypotheses was substantiated, confounding the results. A conclusion substantiating the model's postulate of a "most highly valued system" was not supported. The evidence presented suggests that the organization of ongoing conscious experience cannot be identified solely in terms of visual, kinesthetic, and auditory representations. A different interpretation of the significance of eye movements and predicates has been found to be that eye movement patterns and verbal predicates are separate and distinct expressive behaviors accessible to observation but not literally descriptive of internal processes. Inferences were made regarding implications for psychotherapy and communication, and for further research regarding the processes of subjective and objective organization of experience.

10. Beck, Charles E.; Beck, Elizabeth A.: Test of the eye movement hypothesis of Neurolinguistic Programming: a rebuttal of conclusions.

Beck, Charles E.; Beck, Elizabeth A.: Test of the eye movement hypothesis of Neurolinguistic Programming: a rebuttal of conclusions. Perceptual and Motor Skills; Feb Vol 58(1) 175-176, 1984.Abstract: Suggests that the findings of T. C. Thomason et al (see PA, Vol 66:7496) interpreted as disproving the eye- movement hypothesis are based on a misunderstanding of the neurolinguistic programming model. Their findings of consistent patterns tends to support the hypothesis that eye movements reflect internal processes regardless of specific stimuli.

11. Bergman, Richard A.: The therapist's and clients' perspectives of mental imagery interventions in psychotherapy.

Bergman, Richard A.: The therapist's and clients' perspectives of mental imagery interventions in psychotherapy. Dissertation Abstracts International 50(6), 1597.Abstract: This study explored the therapist's and clients' perspectives of psychotherapy sessions in which mental imagery interventions were used. The interventions dealt with clients' perceptions, imaginations and memories. The imagery interventions for this study emphasized techniques from Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) and Ericksonian hypnosis.

12. Billups, Andrew J.: Representational system congruence (predicate matching) as a dimension of interpersonal impact.

Billups, Andrew J.: Representational system congruence (predicate matching) as a dimension of interpersonal impact. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(11), 3517-B Virginia Consortium for Professional Psychology,Old Dominion University, 115 pp. Pub. = AAC8404350, 1983.Abstract: Bandler and Grinder (1975) have contended that individuals express themselves consistently in a language which is suggestive of a particular sensory modality called a "primary representational system" (PRS) and that by matching the PRS of another in one's own speech (i.e. "predicate matching") the relationship is facilitated. The present study investigated these assertions utilizing five trained counselors and forty undergraduate students in introductory psychology. The present study found little support for the stability of a person's PRS across different topics through the impact of predicate matching. Ss were met individuals and asked to speak extemporaneously into a tape recorder for one minute on each of three topics: a memorable vacation, an enjoyable meal, and a troublesome problem. Following the recording, Ss were played four cassettes (one for each PRS) prepared by the examiner to have the same topical content described above and to have a distinctive and highly saturated PRS. After each stimulus tape recording was presented, Ss completed either a simple rating measure involving a "like-dislike" dimension or they completed an Impact Message Inventory (Kiesler et. al., 1975). No significant consistency (Kendall Tau) was noted with regard to PRS material across topics. T- statistical evaluation for paired observations failed to confirm the experimental hypotheses that listeners would better "like" taped material sharing their own PRS (i.e., "congruence") nor were affiliation-related subscales of the IMI higher under conditions of congruence or mistrust-related subscales higher under conditions of incongruence. Results were discussed in light of other findings and in terms of some methodological shortcomings of the present investigation.

13. Bliemeister, Joachim: An empirical test of basic assumptions of NLP.

Bliemeister, Joachim: An empirical test of basic assumptions of NLP. Integrative Therapie, 13 (4), 397- 406, 1987.Abstract: Ausgehend von der Kritik, dass Modellvorstellungen des Neurolinguistischen Programmierens (NLP) nicht wissenschaftlich belegt und Postulate bislang nicht operationalisiert worden sind, werden die zentralen Konstrukte des Modells experimentell ueberprueft. Dazu wurden die Blicke von 40 rechtshaendigen und 9 linkshaendigen Versuchspersonen beim Beantworten von Fragen gefilmt. Mit geschlossenen Fragen sollten die postulierten Repraesentationssysteme aktiviert werden, was an systematischen Augenbewegungen haette ablesbar sein muessen. Durch offene Fragen wurde die Wahl einer bevorzugten Prozesswortkategorie (visuell, auditiv, kinaesthetisch) den Versuchspersonen ueberlassen; damit sollte das Vorhandensein primaerer Repraesentationssysteme angezeigt werden. Die Auswertung konnte die untersuchten theoretischen Konstrukte des NLP nicht belegen. (Zeitschrift/Claudia Greve - ZPID)

14. Bliemeister, Joachim: An empirical test of theoretical constructs essential to NLP.

Bliemeister, Joachim: An empirical test of theoretical constructs essential to NLP. Zeitschrift fuer Klinische Psychologie, 17 (1), 21- 30, 1988.Abstract: Investigates the validity of the theory of representational systems used by Bandler and Grinder to explain the efficacy of neurolinguistic programming (NLP). The eye movements of 40 right-handed and 40 left-handed subjects were videotaped while the subjects answered questions. Closed questions directed at the activation of particular representational systems, while open questions left the choice of preferred category of process words (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) to the subjects and should thus have revealed the presence of primary representational systems. The results did not provide support for any of the theoretical constructs of NLP under investigation. (Journal/Sally Bellows - ZPID)

15. Bliemeister, Joachim; Morgenroth, David: Testing basic assumptions of NLP.

Bliemeister, Joachim; Morgenroth, David: Testing basic assumptions of NLP. David Morgenroth, 1986.Abstract: Ziel der Diplomarbeit war es, die zentralen Grundannahmen des NLP zu überprüfen. Dazu wurden Blickbewegungen der Vpn gefilmt, während sie Fragen beantworteten, die sich auf die verschiedenen Sinnesmodalitäten bezogen. Die Fragen sollten bestimmtes Blickverhalten induzieren.Das Filmmaterial wurde sowohl nach Blickrichtung, als auch nach Aussagen der Vpn ausgewertet. Es fand sich kein spezifisches Blickverhalten aufgrund der gestellten Fragen. Keine Augenbewegungsmodellvorhersage konnte nachgewiesen werden. es fanden sich weiterhin keine anderen als die im Modell nahegelegten Blickbewegungssystematiken. Keine der Grundannahmen konnte somit bestätigt werden.

16. Botzum, Gerald D.: Therapeutic suggestion: the effects of metaphor on self- disclosure.

Botzum, Gerald D.: Therapeutic suggestion: the effects of metaphor on self- disclosure. Dissertation Abstracts International 45(11), 3612, 1984.Abstract: This study was conducted in order to access the efficacy of therapeutic suggestion in regard to client behaviours. More specifically, it examined the effects of serial metaphor on subject willingness to self- disclose to a male counselor. Using a posttest-only control group design, undergraduate male college students were randomly assigned to either a treatment or control group. Treatment subjects listened to a 12-minute audiotape, consisting of a three- minute orientation lead-in and a nine-minute series of related metaphors. Metaphors were designed to psychologically suggest permissions to be willing to self-disclose to an appropriate target person, namely a male counselor. Control subjects heard only the three-minute lead-in. Subjects responded to a modified Jourard and Jaffee Questionnaire, containing items of high and low intimacy level value. Analysis of Variance and Covariance were performed. Although scores for the willingness to disclose to high intimacy items were observed to increase in the predicted direction, they did not differ from chance occurrence. Unequivocal support for a treatment effect could not be determined. Willingness to disclose was found to be significantly related to past disclosures. Also, degree of disclosures was significantly greater for low intimacy items. Recommendations for future research were presented.

17. Brandis, Alan D.: A neurolinguistic treatment for reducing parental anger responses and creating more resourceful behavioral options.

Brandis, Alan D.: A neurolinguistic treatment for reducing parental anger responses and creating more resourceful behavioral options. Dissertation Abstracts International 47(11), 4642-B California School of Professional Psychology, 161 pp. Order = DA8626141, 1986.Abstract: This study tested an experimental intervention utilizing techniques of Neuro- Linguistic Programming (NLP) to help parents reduce their anger responses toward their children. A new instrument, the Parental Provocation Inventory (PPI), was developed to assess changes in parental anger responses. The PPI is composed of 16 vignettes of parent-child situations requiring a parental response, which were grouped into four scales by a factor analysis. The scales were reliable by test-retest and were orthagonal, as demonstrated in the pilot study. Another instrument, the Parents' Report (PR), was used for comparison. The Parent Training Procedure (PTP) is a highly structured intervention which utilizes Anchoring, in which external stimuli ("anchors") are associated with inner response strategies in order to stabilize, transfer, and combine them. One technique used was the Collapse Anchors procedure in which one anchor, associated with appropriate inner resources or abilities, is "fired" simultaneously with another anchor, associated with an inner representation of a problem situation. The anchors are thus "collapsed" and the needed resources or abilities are then available in the problem situation. A Self- Anchoring procedure, in which subjects were taught to "fire" their resource anchors in actual parent-child situations, was also utilized. A detailed outline of the PTP was adhered to, and Programmer's Checklists were used to record each step of the intervention. The two instruments were administered before and after the PTP. A control group was pre- and post-tested but received no treatment. ANOVA's and Eta(2) coefficients yielded no significance. However, a post-hoc analysis revealed that a strong experimental effect was demonstrated on the PPI by four (half) of the Experimental group subjects, dubbed the "High Change" subgroup (the other four, the "Low Change" subgroup). The differences between these subgroups could not be explained by differences at pre-test, which were negligible, nor by the differential effect of the two programmers. Analysis of the Programmer's Checklists revealed that the subgroup differences were strongly related to the differential success of the Self- Anchoring portion of the PTP, somewhat less so to the differential success of the Collapse Anchors portion. Recommendations for future research are made.

18. Brandl, Tobias: Characteristics of interaction within NLP-based shorttime therapy with differential success - two single case studies.

Brandl, Tobias: Characteristics of interaction within NLP- based shorttime therapy with differential success - two single case studies. University of Bielefeld, Department of Psychology, unpublished Master thesis., 1997.Abstract: Das Thema der Arbeit liegt im Bereich der einzelfallorientierten Psychotherapie- Prozeßforschung. Über eine systematische Verhaltensbeobachtung der kompletten Interaktion in zwei unterschiedlich erfolgreichen NLP- Kurzzeittherapien und einer anschließenden Interaktionsanalyse wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob sich der unterschiedliche Therapieerfolg mit unterschiedlichen Interaktionsmerkmalen erklären läßt. Für diesen Vergleich werden zwei Therapien ausgewählt, die sich hinsichtlich grundsätzlicher Variablen gleichen (dieselbe Therapeutin, dasselbe Behandlungsprogramm, beide Klientinnen haben eine Tierphobie und gleichen sich in den soziodemographischen Daten). Diese Fragestellung wird aus einer ausführlichen Darstellung theoretischer , empirischer und methodischer Aspekte der Psychotherapieforschung hergeleitet. Dabei liegt ein Schwerpunkt auf allgemeinen systemtheoretischen Überlegungen, die im Rahmen eines theoretischen Therapieprozeßmodells auf den Bereich der Psychotherapieforschung übertragen werden. Als zentrale Ergebnisse lassen sich festhalten: (1) In der erfolglosen Therapie ist die verbale Aktivität der Klientin geringer. Dies steht in einem zirkulären Bedingungszusammenhang mit den häufigeren geschlossenen Informationsfragen der Therapeutin. (2) In der erfolgreicheren Therapie zeigt die Klientin häufiger 'positive' Mitarbeit. Dies steht in einem Bedingungszusammenhang mit den häufigeren Unterstützungen durch die Therapeutin. (3) Gesprächspausen werden von den Klientinnen unterschiedlich genutzt. In der erfolglosen Therapie im Sinne einer 'negativen' Mitarbeit, in der erfolgreicheren Therapie im Sinne einer 'positiven' Mitarbeit. (4) In der erfolglosen Therapie konzentriert sich die Klientin bei ihren Problembeschreibungen stärker auf spezifische Probleme und weniger auf sachliche Berichte. (5) In der erfolgreicheren Therapie versucht die Therapeutin im stärkeren Maße sich einzufühlen und sie gibt häufiger Interpretationen. (6) Das als Beobachtungssystem verwendete 'Codiersystem zur Interaktion in der Psychotherapie' von Schindler (1989) wird positiv beurteilt. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die meisten Hypothesen, welche zum einen aus systemtheoretischen Überlegungen und zum anderen aus den von Grawe (1995b) konzipierten vier zentralen Wirkprinzipien und empirischen Befunden hergeleitet werden. Zusammenfassend wird festgestellt, daß die beiden Therapien sich hinsichtlich statischer und dynamischer Interaktionsmerkmale vielfältig unterscheiden und diese Differenzen eine Möglichkeit bieten, den unterschiedlichen Therapieerfolg ansatzweise zu erklären.

19. Brengle, Edward Q. III: Preference for sensory modality of mental imagery and its relationship to stress reduction using a systematic desensitization technique.

Brengle, Edward Q. III: Preference for sensory modality of mental imagery and its relationship to stress reduction using a systematic desensitization technique. Dissertation Abstracts International 40(4), 1878-B Wayne State University, 128 pp., 1979.Abstract: This study investigated a hypothesis that preference for sensory modality of imagery, also referred to as "system representation", is an important dimension of adequate communication between a therapist and the client, one which would be expected to influence the outcome of therapeutic procedures. The subjects for this experiment were 40 Emergency Service Operators, civilian employees of the Detroit Police Department. These operators were believed to experience high levels of stress due to the nature of their occupation, responding to telephone requests for emergency police, fire, and ambulance assistance. The subjects were 38 females and 4 males, ranging in age from 21 to 64, with one to four years of experience as an Emergency Service Operator. All had at least a high school education. Subjects were administered two measures developed for this study: the Auditory- Visual Imagery Inventory and the Emergency Service Operator Stress Scale; a standardized measure of psychiatric symptomatology, the System Check List-90; and a standardized measure of job satisfaction, the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Subjects were divided into those who preferred visual imagery and those who preferred auditory imagery. Experimental subjects were assigned to one of four groups, reflecting a combination of subject preference for imagery and type of treatment: auditory preference - visual imagery; auditory preference - auditory imagery; visual preference -auditory imagery; and visual preference -visual imagery. There was also an untreated control group. All 32 treated subjects received one relaxation training and four systematic desensitization sessions, worded either to emphasize auditory or visual imagery. All measures were then readministered. There was no evidence to support the hypothesis that subjects treated by a method worded to be congruent with their preferred system of representation would show greater treatment effects than subjects treated by a method worded to be incongruent. This was interpreted as casting doubt on the suggestion that a client's system of representation is an important dimension in communication between therapist and client. The systematic desensitization technique had some positive effects on reducing job related stress. There was an interesting finding that those subjects who preferred auditory imagery reported fewer and less severe symptoms. This was interpreted as suggesting that preference for imagery may be a factor in adjusting to occupational demands. Further research on this possibility is indicated.

20. Brinker, Heike: Curing overweight with NLP: an empirical study of the Easy Weight Program.

Brinker, Heike: Curing overweight with NLP: an empirical study of the Easy Weight Program. Heike Brinker, Curslacker Deich 25, 21039 Hamburg, 1995.Abstract: Das Easy weight Programm wird in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt und anhand einer empirischen Untersuchung bewertet. Die Durchführung des Easy Weight Programms bewirkte in erster Linie eine Veränderung des Ernährungsverhaltens. Die Störbarkeit des Eßverhaltens und der kognitiven Kontrolle wurde deutlich verringert. Das Easy weight Programm übte ebenfalls einen positiven Einfluß auf auf andere Lebensbereiche aus. Die Übergewichtigen wurden von gesellschaftlichen (Schlankheitsideal) Normen unabhängiger und fanden somit zu einer positiveren Selbsteinstellung auch im Bezug auf ihr Körpergewicht. Dazu gehörte auch, daß die positive Absicht, die hinter dem Eßverhalten und damit dem Übergewicht steht zu erkennen und zu akzeptieren. Die Frage nach einer langfristigen Gewichtsreduktion konnte noch nicht beantwortet werden, da den Teilnehmerinnen ein Wiegeverbot auferlegt wurde. Dennoch waren initiale Gewichtsreduktionen auffällig. Die langfristige Gewichtsreduktion dieser Therapieform stellt sich nach Besser- Siegmund erst nach ca. 6-12 Monaten ein. Eine Follow up Untersuchung wäre angebracht, oder Vergleichsuntersuchungen von bereits längerfristig absolvierten Easy Weight TeilnehmerInnen.

21. Brockman, William P.: Empathy revisited: the effects of representational system matching on certain counseling process and outcome variables.

Brockman, William P.: Empathy revisited: the effects of representational system matching on certain counseling process and outcome variables. Dissertation Abstracts International 41(8), 3421-A College of William and Mary, 167 pp. Order = 8103591, 1980.Abstract: Therapist- offered empathy has been shown to be an important ingredient in the counseling relationship. Many operational definitions of empathy and tools for measurement of this elusive quality exist. Most empathy measures have been criticized on methodological grounds and their construct validity is suspect. Yet there is little argument with the trend which emerges from the data; the overall relationship between empathy, or those dimensions tapped by empathy measures and effective therapy appears positive. The nature of empathy, however, remains enigmatic and it is evident that all the variables which account for the empathetic process have not been explicated. This study defined and investigated the validity and effect on counseling of a new dimension of empathy. From their linguistic analysis of effective therapy, Bandler and Grinder have formulated the construct of representational systems or internal maps used by individuals to organize reality. Such maps are visual, auditory or kinesthetic, and are reflected in natural language. Do you see what I mean? Empathy, then, is operationally defined as the counselor's matching language with the representational system used by the client. It was hypothesized that counselors who use representational system matching would: (1) be perceived by subjects as more empathetic than counselors who do not (accepted, p<.0045); (2) be perceived by judges as more empathetic than counselors who do not (accepted, p<.0165); (3) elicit a greater willingness to self- disclose than counselors who do not (rejected); and, (4) be preferred by clients over counselors who do not use representational matching (accepted, p<.05). Subjects (N=20) were undergraduates at The College of William and Mary who met with each of two counselors, in counterbalanced order, for an analogue of a beginning counseling interview. One counselor used representational system matching; the other counselor took a more generic, human relations approach to empathy. After each interview subjects completed Barrett-Lennard's Relationship Inventory (RI) and Jourard's Willingness-to- Disclose Questionnaire (WDQ). Following their second interview subjects indicated their preferred counselor. Covariates were: (1) Carkhuff's Empathetic Understanding Scale (EU) which also served as a dependent measure; (2) the Counseling Readiness Scale (CRS) of Gough and Heilbrun's Adjective Check List; and, (3) Rotter's I-E scale. The Latin square design produced data analyzed by: repeated measures analysis of covariance (hypotheses 1-3); stepwise regression (hypotheses 1 & 2), and Chi Square (hypothesis 4). Results indicate that both subjects and judges perceived the representational system matching counselor as more empathetic than the generic empathy counselor. While EU accounted for 11.76% of the variance on RI- empathy scale scores, representational system matching accounted for 11.94% of the variance beyond that accounted for by EU. Clients preferred the representational system matching counselor by a ratio of 3 to 1. It was concluded that representational system matching is an important dimension of empathy and the recommendation was made that beginning courses in counseling techniques and human relations training include a section on identifying and responding to clients' representational systems. Recommendations were made for further study.

22. Buckner, Michael; Mera, Naomi M.: Eye movement as an indicator of sensory components in thought.

Buckner, Michael; Mera, Naomi M.: Eye movement as an indicator of sensory components in thought. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34(3), p. 283-287, 1987.Abstract: This study investigated a claim of the Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) eye movement model, which states that specific eye movements are indicative of specific sensory components in thought. Forty-eight graduates and undergraduates were asked to concentrate on a single thought while their eye movements are videotaped. They were subsequently asked to report if their thought contained visual, auditory, or kinesthetic components. Two NLP- trained observers independently viewed silent videotapes of participants concentrating and recorded the presence or absence of eye movements posited by NLP theorists to indicate visual, auditory, or kinesthetic components in thought. Coefficients of agreement (Cohen's K) between participants' self-reports and trained observers' records indicate support for the visual (K=.81, p<.001) and auditory (K=.65, p<.001) portions of the model. The kinesthetic (K=.15, p<.85) portion was not supported. Interrater agreement (K=.82) supports the NLP claim the specific eye movement patterns exist and that trained observers can reliably identify them.

23. Buhr, Kai-Olaf: An experiment testing the eye movement hypothesis of NLP by presenting visual stimuli and measuring reaction times.

Buhr, Kai-Olaf: An experiment testing the eye movement hypothesis of NLP by presenting visual stimuli and measuring reaction times. University of Bielefeld, Department of Psychology, unpublished Master thesis., 1997.Abstract: This study investigated a claim of the Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) eye movement model, which states that specific eye movements are indicative of specific sensory components in thought. Forty-eight graduates and undergraduates were asked to concentrate on a single thought while their eye movements are videotaped. They were subsequently asked to report if their thought contained visual, auditory, or kinesthetic components. Two NLP- trained observers independently viewed silent videotapes of participants concentrating and recorded the presence or absence of eye movements posited by NLP theorists to indicate visual, auditory, or kinesthetic components in thought. Coefficients of agreement (Cohen's K) between participants' self-reports and trained observers' records indicate support for the visual (K=.81, p<.001) and auditory (K=.65, p<.001) portions of the model. The kinesthetic (K=.15, p<.85) portion was not supported. Interrater agreement (K=.82) supports the NLP claim the specific eye movement patterns exist and that trained observers can reliably identify them.

24. Burcz, Bernice Angeline: Neurolinguistic Programming and Star Trek: a training model and metaphor for building trust and relationship in multicultural teams.

Burcz, Bernice Angeline: Neurolinguistic Programming and Star Trek: a training model and metaphor for building trust and relationship in multicultural teams. Personal Communication.Abstract: This study investigated the effects of a two-day training in basic Neuro-Linguistic Programming skills upon the trust levels of two groups of heterogeneous or multi- cultural teams and one homogeneous or all- American team. A total of thirty adult, white- collar, workers participated. Various situations from the Star Trek movies or serials were integrated into the training as metaphors. Two forms of measurement for trust were used. First, the TORI Diagnosis Scale for Self and Team was administered pre-and post-training. Four trust criterion variables were derived from this scale. Second, within the training a storytelling exercise was utilized. Participants were given an option either to tell a personal story of a "stuck" situation in which a successful outcome was achieved or, to tell a story based on any Star Trek situation. Those participants who chose a personal story were deemed to be self- disclosing and therefore trusting. Demographic data for each participant was also gathered by means of a Culture Survey which was designed by the researcher. This survey served several purposes. It recorded the country of birth for each participant and qualified the culture mix of a team. Secondly, it provided a record of leadership skills training. Thirdly, the survey recorded each participant's preference for having the needs of the team take precedence over the individual. The first hypothesis proposed that given the same NLP training intervention, there would be a significant difference in the change in trust levels of all three groups for all four trust criterion variables. The second hypothesis proposed that a high degree of cultural mix within a group would produce a significantly higher change in trust level. The third hypothesis proposed that different attitudes toward team vs. individual preference would produce significant differences in the change in trust level. None of the above three hypotheses were upheld. A fourth hypothesis argued that there would be a significant difference in trust level change between those who disclosed a personal story and those who did not. The results showed no significant difference between subjects that disclosed and those that did not. The degree of leadership sophistication also had no significance in determining whether a participant would disclose or not. However, the results supported the argument that individuals who came to the NLP training with a high degree of past leadership training had NO room to grow. Those with a higher leadership skills level changed less; those subjects also demonstrated that they knew how to take the TORI test and found it easy to disclose. The results also showed that it is possible to predict from the TORI pre- score whether or not a subject will disclose. A comparison of the behaviors of the three groups could have impact upon the findings were included. The comparison was based on the researcher's observations during the training and, on the evaluation of demographic data gathered from the culture survey. Suggestions for further research are also discussed.

25. Carbonell, David A.: Representational systems: an empirical approach to Neurolinguistic Programming.

Carbonell, David A.: Representational systems: an empirical approach to Neurolinguistic Programming. Dissertation Abstracts International 46(8), 2798-B DePaul University, 144 pp. Pub. = AAC8523962, 1985.Abstract: This study tested the efficacy of a Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) technique which is intended to enhance rapport in interviewing and counseling relationships. NLP Theory states that right- handed people have an innate preference for processing and storing information in one of three sensory modes: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic, and that a subject's preferred mode, or Preferred Representational System (PRS), can be identified by monitoring and decoding the subject's eye movements during an interview. Rapport is predicted to be enhanced when an interviewer employs perceptual predicates which match the subject's PRS. Previous tests of this theory have yielded mixed results. This appears attributable to the serious methodological shortcomings of these studies and a certain lack of precision in NLP theory. This study was conducted in an effort to obtain results untainted by prior methodological shortcomings. Numerous improvements over previous experiments were incorporated into the design; chief among these were the use of videotaped interviews and trained raters to improve the accuracy of PRS identification, and the removal of the interviewer from the subject's view. The experiment was conducted in two sessions. Right- handed undergraduate volunteers participated in an initial interview during which their eye movements were videotaped and subsequently rated by independent raters to establish a PRS. Subjects then participated in a second, fully scripted interview with one of two female graduate students, during which the interviewer either matched or mismatched her perceptual predicates with the subject's PRS. Subjects then rated the interviewer on the Traux-Carkhoff empathy scale and the three subscales of the Counselor Rating Form. Hypotheses were established which predicted that subjects in the matched condition would rate the interviewers more favorably on the dependent measures than would subjects in the mismatched condition. Hypotheses were also established which predicted the consistency of eye movements with NLP predictions. The results indicated an absence of support for any of the seven hypotheses. Future research may more profitably be conducted as therapy outcome research to determine if other aspects of the NLP model, as presently applied, do achieve the desired results through other means.

26. Cheney, S.; Miller, L.; Rees, R.: Imagery and eye movements.

Cheney, S.; Miller, L.; Rees, R.: Imagery and eye movements. Journal of Mental Imagery, 6, 113-124, 1982.Abstract: Eye movement direction is indicative of sensory modality of imagery. In a test of this model, subjects were asked questions designed to evoke imagery in six sensory modalities. Subject reports were obtained concerning the modality, sequence, and vividness of images. Subjects did report images in the modes intended by the questions, but there was no evidence to support the proposed relationship between the reported imagery and eye movements. The methods of measurement for both imagery and eye movements were discussed and suggestions were made for follow- up studies which might more closely approximate the conditions in which Bandler and Grinder made their observations of imagery and eye movement.

27. Cody, Steven G.: The stability and impact of the primary representational system in Neurolinguistic Programming: a critical examination.

Cody, Steven G.: The stability and impact of the primary representational system in Neurolinguistic Programming: a critical examination. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(4) 1232-B University of Connecticut, 158 pp. Pub. = AAC8319187, 1983.Abstract: In this investigation, 61 female and 44 male college student subjects participated in three experiments evaluating a central construct in neurolinguistic programming (NLP), that of the primary representational system. Authors Bandler and Grinder (1976) postulate that experience is encoded for storage and retrieval via hypothetical cognitive mechanisms called representational systems, and that individuals manifest a preference for one of three sensory- analogue systems (visual, auditory, or kinesthetic); this preferred system is the primary representational system. The first experiment dealt with the proposition that representational preferences can be reliably determined. Based on Bandler and Grinder's assertion that eye movements in particular directions, while subjects are generating responses to questions, reflect the use of particular systems, a structured interview was developed and used to assess the preference of subjects on two occasions (separated by a one-week interval, to permit assessment of temporal stability). Although several approaches to interpreting the data were employed to deal with areas of ambiguity in the construct, results consistently indicated confounding of observed preferences with method of measurement. In addition, very few subjects exhibited more than marginal preferences, no more than a modest degree of temporal stability was found, and discriminant validity was lacking. The second experiment evaluated the proposition that experience congruent with representational preference would have special salience or impact. Subjects evaluated audiotaped vignettes in which commonplace pleasant experiences were presented in visually- oriented, aurally- oriented, and kinesthetically-oriented versions. Over three stimulus experiences and five rating dimensions, no relationship was found between representational preferences and subjects' preferences among versions. The final experiment evaluated the hypothesis that clients' perceptions of therapists as trustworthy and effective are enhanced when therapist language matches clients' representational preferences, with respect to sensory referents. Subjects evaluated therapists heard in what were presented as excerpts from actual sessions, but were in fact staged interactions varying with respect to linguistic matching between therapist and client as well as matching between therapist language and subjects' representational preferences. In contrast to the predicted outcome, therapists who matched clients' language were evaluated as less trustworthy and effective, as were, independently, therapists whose language matched the primary representational system of the evaluating subject. The results illustrate the problems posed for psychotherapy when models proliferate in the absence of empirical evaluation.

28. Coe, William C.; Scharcoff, Joseph A.: An empirical evaluation of the neurolinguistic programming model.

Coe, William C.; Scharcoff, Joseph A.: An empirical evaluation of the neurolinguistic programming model. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis; Oct Vol 33(4) 310- 318, 1985.Abstract: Tested the neurolinguistic programming hypothesis that most people have a primary representational system for dealing with the world. 50 undergraduates were evaluated for sensory modality preferences in 3 ways: (1) They chose among written descriptions using wither visual, auditory, or kinesthetic wording; (2) their eye movements were recorded during an interview; and (3) their verbal responses were scored for sensory predicates. Results did not support neurolinguistic programming theory in that preferences of one modality on one measure did not relate to the same modality on the other measures as would be expected if primary representational systems were characteristic of the sample. It is concluded that, on the basis of both the results of the present study and mixed results obtained in other studies, more empirical support is needed before the positive therapeutic claims of neurolinguistic programming proponents can be accepted.

29. Cole-Hitchcock, Sabra Tony: A determination of the extent to which a predominant representational system can be identified through written and verbal communication and eye scanning patterns.

Cole-Hitchcock, Sabra Tony: A determination of the extent to which a predominant representational system can be identified through written and verbal communication and eye scanning patterns. Dissertation Abstracts International 41(5), B Baylor University, 1980, 134 pp..Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine if a predominant representational system, as hypothesized by Richard Bandler and John Grinder, could be identified through written, verbal, and eye scanning patterns as the instruments of measurement. A second purpose was to determine if the results obtained through the three measures were consistent. Thirty-three undergraduate students from educational psychology classes at Baylor University were voluntary participants in this experimental study. All participants were right-handed. One hundred and fifty students took the multiple choice screening test. The thirty-three who were selected as participants for the study had responded predominantly in one or two of the three representational systems: visual, auditory, or kinesthetic. Each participant was assigned to a representational system category which corresponded to his dominance as determined by the multiple choice instrument. Each of the participating students was also asked to attend a videotaped interview in which he was to respond verbally, from memory, to seven cards from the Thematic Apperception Test. The responses were transcribed from the videotape. The transcript of the verbal interview and the videotape of the eye movements exhibited by each student during the interview were classified as to representational system by three trained raters. An analysis of the data was accomplished by means of a factor analysis and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The procedure involved the comparison of mean scores in each of the statistical procedures. Differences in the means were considered to be significant if the probability was less than the .05 level, using the appropriate degrees of freedom. The major findings included the following: (1) Consistency was found within the visual representational group on both the written and eye scanning measures; (2) Consistency was found within the auditory group on the written and eye scanning measures; (3) A negative correlation was found between the visual and auditory groups within the written measure, within the eye scanning measure, and when the scores obtained by the two representational groups were compared on the written and eye scanning measures; (4) There were no significant pattern scores within the kinesthetic groups on any of the three measures; (5) No significant relationships were found between the auditory and kinesthetic groups on any of the measures; (6) Two significant relationships were highlighted between the visual group and the kinesthetic group. There was a negative relationship between the two groups on the written measure and a highly significant negative relationship on the verbal instrument; (7) The results obtained by the representational groups on the verbal instrument did not appear to have any relationship to those obtained from the other two instruments of measure. Several conclusions were drawn from the findings in this study. (1) The generalization that each person has a dominant representational system that can be identified by the predicates used in the speech of the individual does not appear to be substantiated in this study. No valid generalizations can be drawn until instruments have been standardized and determined reliable and valid measures of representational systems. (2) There was consistency between the free associated multiple choice stem selected by an individual and the eye scanning patterns he exhibited while he verbalized a story from the memory of a picture. (3) There was no consistency found between the multiple choice stem selected and the verbal responses elicited from the memory of a picture.

30. Daupert, Dennis L.: A covert imagery intervention into test anxiety based on a chained-anchor model, Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP).

Daupert, Dennis L.: A covert imagery intervention into test anxiety based on a chained-anchor model, Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP). Dissertation Abstracts International 47(6), 2610, 1986.Abstract: In recent years the test anxiety literature has shifted its emphasis from investigating characteristics of high- and low-test-anxious individuals to calling for new treatment approaches. Concurrently, the underlying construct of test anxiety has evolved from a focus on emotional reactivity towards a view of the importance of cognitive and attentional factors. The current study was designed to test an intervention based on the concepts from Neuro-Linguistic Programming. By the way of guiding subjects through a pre-planned sequence of imagined scenes, the experimentator hoped to elicit subject’s cognitive/attentional resources and organize them in a way that would counteract the debilitating effects of the test anxiety.Description: 155 Psychology students from Georgia State University were randomly assigned to either the treatment or Control Condition. All subjects were initially given the Test Anxiety Scale and the Creative Imagination Scale, which allowed for grouping of subjects based upon high- vs. low anxiety and high- vs. low imagery ability.

31. Davis, Gerald L., Jr.: Neurolinguistic Programming as an interviewing technique with prelingually deaf adults.

Davis, Gerald L., Jr.: Neurolinguistic Programming as an interviewing technique with prelingually deaf adults. Dissertation Abstracts International 46(5), 1247-A 1248-A Oklahoma State University, 91 pp. Order = DA8515247, 1984.Abstract: Scope of Study: Hearing loss is the number one handicapping condition in the United States. The major problem faced by deaf individuals is that of communication. Prelingually deaf adults volunteered for this study and they, as a group, were either born deaf or became deaf prior to language acquisition (usually about age three). This purpose of this study was threefold in nature. First, the study centered on the investigation and reporting of data regarding leisure, social, and recreational activities and needs of prelingually deaf adults. Of major concern in this regard was the deaf individual's educational, social, emotional, and vocational adjustment in relationship to appropriate play experiences and leisure programming activities. Second, the study focused on neurolinguistic programming (NLP), the model or tool utilized in gathering and reporting of data. This communication-based interviewing model was selected because its clinical approach offered a replicable model in addition to having sound theoretical principles. Furthermore, this interviewing method was communication oriented and focused on verbal and nonverbal forms of communication. Finally, this study investigated calibrating, mapping, and replicating strategies relative to successful, peak-performance behaviors. Eye scanning patterns were the basis for mapping particular experiences. Findings and Conclusions: Five prelingually deaf adults were interviewed regarding personal, educational, vocational, disability, and recreational experiences. Their responses were divided into content and process sections for ease of presentation and analysis of the data. NLP was the communication model utilized to interview participants. Its structure, terminology, and sound theoretical principles resulted in gathering valuable process information relative to "successful" and "unsuccessful" behaviors. Particular eye scanning patterns of subjective internal experiences regarding successful and unsuccessful behavior were calibrated, mapped, and recorded.

32. Day, Rhetta C.G.: Students' perceptions of Neurolinguistic Programming strategies (counseling, communication, clients, therapy).

Day, Rhetta C.G.: Students' perceptions of Neurolinguistic Programming strategies (counseling, communication, clients, therapy). Dissertation Abstracts International 46(4), 1333-B Florida State University, 130 pp., 1985.Abstract: Little empirical research has been carried out on the Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) theoretical model to date. No research investigated strategies: conglomerations of representational systems emitted by individuals. To facilitate therapy, the clients must perceive the therapist as credible (that is, expert, attractive, and trustworthy) and having utility. According to NLP theory, the client can best perceive the therapist as credible and having utility when the therapist uses the NLP model to match the client's strategies. Four hypotheses were tested in the post-group only control group design. The treatment factor consisted of two levels, representing the matched strategies and the non-matched strategies techniques. The non- matched strategies technique served as the "control group". Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the two class groups. Though all students in the two groups were invited to participate as subjects and to control for the Hawthorne effect, the sample used consisted of 60 white female students who observed, along with the rest of the classes, one 15 minute treatment film randomly assigned to them. Thirty subjects were in each of the two groups. After observing the film, the subjects filled out the Counselor Effectiveness Rating Scale (CERS; Atkinson & Carskaddon, 1975). A multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and t-tests were used to assess the data. The MANOVA was significant at the p<.10 level and each of the four t- tests were significant at the p<.025 level. Each of the four hypotheses were supported.

33. Dilts, Robert: EEG and representational systems

Dilts, Robert: EEG and representational systems University of California, Santa Cruz,CA (Published in Roots of NLP, Meta Publications, 1983), 1977.Abstract: The study, conducted at the Langley Porter NeuropsychiatricDescription: Institute in San Francisco, attempted to correlate eye movements to

34. Dixon, Paul N.; Parr, Gerald D.; Yarbrough, Douglass; Rathael, Michael: Neurolinguistic programming as a persuasive communication technique.

Dixon, Paul N.; Parr, Gerald D.; Yarbrough, Douglass; Rathael, Michael: Neurolinguistic programming as a persuasive communication technique. Journal of Social Psychology; Aug Vol 126 (4) 545-550, 1986.Abstract: Compared the persuasive power of R. Bandler and J. Grinder's (1975) neurolinguistic programming (in which pacing and metaphor are used to overcome client resistance) to direct and placebo content messages in a group persuasion context among 98 undergraduates. Results indicate no significant differences in attitudes following treatment for the 3 groups. However, the direct message treatment was significantly more persuasive than the other treatments as reflected in the behavioral measure.

35. Dooley, Kathleen; Farmer, Alvirda: Comparison for aphasic and control subjects of eye movements hypothesized in Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP).

Dooley, Kathleen; Farmer, Alvirda: Comparison for aphasic and control subjects of eye movements hypothesized in Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP). Perceptual and Motor Skills, 67(1), Aug pp. 233-234, 1988.Abstract: This article measured Neurolinguistic Programming's hypothesized eye movements using videotapes of 10 nonfluent aphasic Ss (mean age 56.6 yrs) and 10 matched controls (mean age 57 yrs.). Analysis indicated that eye- position responses were significantly different for the groups. Aphasic Ss used eye positions designated as kinesthetic and defocused; controls used eye positions designated as visual and auditory.

36. Dorn, Fred J.: Assessing primary representational system (PRS) preference for Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) using three methods.

Dorn, Fred J.: Assessing primary representational system (PRS) preference for Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) using three methods. Counselor Education and Supervision; Dec Vol 23(2) 149-156, 1983.Abstract: NLP theory suggests that each person has a preference for 1 of the 3 primary senses: visual, auditory, or kinesthetic. AB | 120 undergraduates were presented with 3 methods of identifying their PRS, which included an interview, a word list, and a self- report. Results do not confirm that PRS can be accurately assessed using these 3 methods.

37. Dowd, Thomas E.; Hingst, Ann G.: Matching therapists' predicates: an in vivo test of effectiveness.

Dowd, Thomas E.; Hingst, Ann G.: Matching therapists' predicates: an in vivo test of effectiveness. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 57, p. 207-210, 1983.Abstract: The theory of Neurolinguistic Programming predicts that a therapist's matching of a client's primary representational system, as expressed in the client's predicates, should result in increased therapist's rapport and social influence. This hypothesis was tested in an actual interview situation. Six relatively inexperienced therapists, two each in predicate matching, predicate mismatching, and predicate no- matching conditions, conducted a 30-min. interview with nine undergraduate student volunteers each, for a total of 54 subjects. After the appropriate interview condition was completed, subjects rated their therapists on the Counselor Rating Form and the Counseling Evaluation Inventory. No significant differences among the three conditions on any of the measures were found. Results are compared with those of previous research on assessment and primary representational system matching in analogue situations.